High-speed detection of blood-borne hepatitis C virus RNA by single-tube real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-PCR with the LightCycler.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been identified as the agent responsible for the vast majority of cases of posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. Although generally asymptomatic, ;85% of the infections become chronic with a wide spectrum of outcomes (1 ). Current assays developed to detect antibodies against HCV proteins are successful in detecting most cases of chronic HCV infection. Antibody tests may be negative, however, in cases of acute HCV infection during the window that precedes seroconversion. No immunoassay for direct detection of HCV antigen is available at the present time. With nucleic acid amplification tests, it is possible to detect HCV viremia an average of 59 days before immunological seroconversion (2, 3). Nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of HCV sequences in blood products became compulsory in Germany on April 1, 1999 (4, 5). Because HCV, with its extremely heterogeneous genome, circulates in the blood in concentrations that range from undetectable (,50 copies/mL) up to 10 copies/mL (6 ), a detection limit of 5000 IU/mL (according to WHO, 1 IU corresponds to 2–5 genome copies, depending on the HCV-RNA method) in a single blood specimen is acceptable by the criteria of the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI, Langen, Germany). In blood bank settings, the Cobas Amplicor Hepatitis C Virus Test, Ver. 2.0 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) (7 ), is the most frequently used assay. Testing of only a few samples with this assay is quite expensive. Furthermore, turnaround time of PCR and detection exceeds 4 h. For selected single donations of thrombocytes collected by thrombocytapheresis, e.g., for severely ill patients with HLA antibodies, the time period between preparation and release of the result often is too long. The recent development of real-time quantitative PCR based on the LightCycler (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) (8 ) offers the opportunity for detection of HCV RNA in up to 32 samples within 70 min after RNA isolation. Here we report the development of a practical, rapid, and sensitive single-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method. We analyzed 187 serum samples, including 100 samples from thrombocyte donors and 87 patients with confirmed or suspected HCV disease. All blood samples were drawn into tubes without additives (Sarstedt) and centrifuged within 2 h of collection. PEI reference preparation HCV RNA 75/98 with 25 000 IU/mL, calibrated against the WHO Standard HCV RNA (96/790) and diluted to 5000 IU/mL was used for run control. All samples were aliquoted and stored at 230 °C until further testing. RNA from thrombocyte donors was partly isolated before freezing without any effect compared with stored aliquots. Viral RNA was extracted from 200 mL of each sample, using the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid reagent set (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). Nucleic acids were extracted in 50 mL of nuclease-free water. At least one positive and one negative control were processed in parallel with each batch of samples. We used the primers KY78s and KY80s, which identify a 244-bp sequence of the highly conserved 59 untranslated region of the HCV genome (9 ). The donor probe KY FL (59-GCAGCCTCCAGGACCCCCC-39) was labeled with 5,6-carboxyfluorescein attached to 39-O-ribose; the adjacent acceptor probe KY LC (59-CCCGGGAGAGCCATAGTGGTCTG-39) was labeled with LightCycler Red 640 attached to the 59 terminus (both from TIB MOLBIOL). RT-PCR reactions were performed in a final volume of 20 mL. The reaction mixture consisted of 2.1 mL of water, 2 mL of 103 PCR Buffer (100 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 500 mmol/L KCl, 15 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.1 g/L gelatin), 2.4 mL of 25 mmol/L MgCl2, 2 mL of 20 g/L nonacetylated bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mmol/L each dNTP, 700 nmol/L each primer, 0.5 mL of enhanced AMV Reverse Transcriptase (20 U/mL), and 0.5 mL of AccuTaq LA DNA Polymerase (5 U/mL). The buffer, MgCl2, dNTP mixture, and the enzymes were part of the Enhanced Avian RT-PCR reagent set (Sigma-Aldrich). The probes were added to the RT-PCR mixture to a final concentration of 300 nmol/L. A 14-mL aliquot of this reaction mixture was transferred to LightCycler glass capillaries, and 6 mL of RNA solution was added to each tube. HCV RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA (25 min at 48 °C) and subsequently amplified by PCR in the same single tube. The additional temperature profile consisted of denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 50 cycles of denaturation for 1 s, annealing with fluorescence monitoring at 62 °C for 15 s, and extension at 72 °C for 13 s, with a temperature transition rate of 20 °C/s. The fluorescence profiles generated from diluted PEI reference preparation with HCV RNA concentrations between 5000 and 156 IU/mL and a negative control are shown in Fig. 1A. Fluorescence intensity increased with increasing HCV RNA content in the samples. In contrast, the threshold cycle (CT), which is the first cycle in which the fluorescence is increased above background in a log-linear fashion, decreased. Analysis of the fluorescence curves using CT as the predictive value of the concentration of target RNA present in the samples was unreliable in samples with no or low HCV RNA concentrations. Because the PEI guideline does not demand a quantitative evaluation, we decided to define a fluorescence cutoff value. In 149 HCV RNA-negative serum samples (100 donors of thrombocytes, 49 patient samples), the highest final fluorescence intensity was 0.12 (131 samples ,0.08; 12 samples 0.09–0.1; 6 samples 0.11–0.12). All of these samples were confirmed to be HCV RNA negative by two other methods [Cobas Amplicor Hepatitis C Virus Test, Ver. 2.0, and GEN-ETI-K DEIA (Sorin Biomedica)] (10 ), using the QIAamp viral RNA purification protocol (Qiagen). Technical Briefs